Kalmar “Haɓe” na ɗaya daga cikin kalmomi masu nauyi a tarihi da al’adar Hausawa, wadda ke ɗauke da ma’anoni da dama, musamman a mahangar siyasa da zamantakewar Arewacin Najeriya kafin da bayan zuwan Fulani a ƙarni na 19.

Ma’anar Kalmar “Haɓe”

A cikin harshen Hausa, kalmar “Haɓe” na nufin ƙungiyar mutane waɗanda suka kasance ‘yan asalin masarautun Hausawa kafin jihadin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo. Kalmar tana da amfani musamman a tsarin bambance-bambancen siyasa da addini, inda take bayyana tsoffin masu mulki kafin karɓar ikon siyasa da addini da Fulani suka yi ta hannun daular Sakkwato.

Asalin Kalmar da Mahangarta a Fulatanci

Tarihi ya nuna cewa kalmar “Haɓe” ta samo asali ne daga harshen Fulani — Pulaar ko Fulfulde — inda ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta dukkanin mutanen da ba Fulani ba, musamman waɗanda suka riga su zama masu iko a ƙasashen Hausa. A mahangar Fulani, ana kallon kalmar a wani lokaci a matsayin alamar rashin cikakken Musulunci ko kasancewa cikin kuskuren akida da halaye a lokacin jihadi.

Kalmar “Haɓe” a Tsarin Siyasa da Zamani

Masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa:

1. “Haɓe” na nufin mutanen da suka gaji sarauta da iko a ƙasashen Hausa kafin jihadi — kamar Zazzau, Kano, Katsina da Gobir.

2. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin ƙyama ko nuna fifikon addini da ilimi daga bangaren Fulani.

3. Kalmar ta zama wata hanya ta bambanta tsakanin tsoffin tsare-tsaren mulki da sabbin tsarin addini da siyasa da Fulani suka kafa.

Binciken Masana: Kalmar "Haɓe" da Mahimmancinta a Tarihi

Masana kamar Prof. Abdullahi Smith, Dr. M.G. Smith, da Murray Last sun yi amfani da kalmar “Haɓe” wajen fayyace yadda Fulani suka karɓi iko daga tsoffin masarautun Hausa a cikin littattafan su. A cikin rubuce-rubucensu, kalmar tana ɗauke da ma’anar:

• Tsoffin masarautun da suka rayu kafin Daular Sakkwato.
• Masu mulki da aka sauke ko aka karɓe iko daga hannunsu.
• Wata alama ta sauyin akida, tsari da ikon siyasa a ƙarni na 19.

Tushen Kalma daga Mahangar Harshe da Tarihi

Kalmar “Haɓe” tana da alaƙa da salon magana na Fulani wanda ke nufin “wanda ba Fulani ba.” A ƙasashen da Fulani suka shige, sun yi amfani da kalmar wajen bayyana tsoffin masu mulki da tsarin da suke ganin sun kauce daga tafarkin Musulunci. Wannan ya sa kalmar ta samu yaduwa a tsakanin al’umma, har ta zama cikakkiyar alama ta bambance siyasa da tarihi.

Muhimman Littattafai da Rubuce-rubuce da suka Nazartar Kalmar “Haɓe”

1. M.G. Smith – Government in Zazzau, 1800–1950

• Yana bayyana tsarin mulki kafin da bayan jihadi a masarautar Zazzau.
• Ya fayyace yadda Fulani suka karɓi iko daga Haɓe tare da canza tsarin siyasa da addini.

2. H.A.S. Johnston – The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (1967)

• Littafin ya zurfafa cikin tarihin Daular Sakkwato da tasirinta a ƙasashen Hausa.
• Ya bayyana Haɓe a matsayin tsoffin sarakuna waɗanda aka sauke saboda rashin adalci da tsafta a addini.

3. Murray Last – The Sokoto Caliphate (1967)

• Daya daga cikin mafi cikakkun littattafai akan jihadi da tsarin siyasar Fulani.
• Ya bayyana “Haɓe” a matsayin tsarin rayuwa da mulki wanda Fulani suka sauya da tsarin addinin Musulunci.

4. Abdullahi Smith – Some Considerations Relating to the Formation of States in the Sudan (1970)

• Ya bayyana asalin masarautun Haɓe da yadda aka kafa sabbin tsarin Fulani.

5. S.J. Hogben & A.H.M. Kirk-Greene – The Emirates of Northern Nigeria (1966)

• Littafin ya bayyana kalmar Haɓe a matsayin muhimmin salo na bambancin siyasa da addini a tsarin mulkin Arewa.

6. Bala Usman – The Transformation of Katsina: 1400–1883 (1981)

• Ya zurfafa kan sauyin tsarin mulki daga Haɓe zuwa Fulani a masarautar Katsina.

7. Yusuf Bala Usman – The Manipulation of Religion in Nigeria (1977–1987)

• Duk da cewa yana da fuskar siyasa, ya tabo yadda kalmar Haɓe ta ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyi a siyasa har zuwa yau.

8. Mahmud Modibbo Tukur – British Colonisation of Northern Nigeria (1999)

• Ya bayyana yadda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka ci gaba da amfani da bambancin “Haɓe” da “Fulani” don raba iko.

Mahimmancin Fahimtar Kalmar “Haɓe” a Cikin Tarihi da Siyasa

Kalmar “Haɓe” ba wai kalmar kabilanci ba ce kawai, tana da nauyin tarihi da siyasa da al’adu. Tana wakiltar tsoffin tsarin rayuwa da mulki da Fulani suka tarar, kuma tana nuna yadda jihadin Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya sauya akalar mulkin Arewa. Fahimtar wannan kalma na taimakawa wajen fahimtar tarihin siyasar Najeriya, musamman wajen warware wasu daga cikin ruɗanin dangantakar Hausawa da Fulani.